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Think global and act local. It goes without saying that the current
education systems require to re-think Social Justice, but how can we
define the standard if not all the places have the same needs? During this essay I will make a review
of the current situation, then I will present my thesis and finally a
conclusion with my personal thoughts. |
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SOCIAL JUSTICE |
SOCIAL JUSTICE ESSAY.
It goes without saying that the current
education systems require to re-think Social Justice, but how can we define the
standard if not all the places have the same needs? During this essay I will make a review of the
current situation, then I will present my thesis and finally a conclusion with
my personal thoughts.
1).MAIN BODY. Current
situation
This is an essay based on the main ideas of
Social Justice Education and my personal reflections. It is not a summary of
text, because I elaborated my own ideas, using works and class material as well
as more material on the net.
Social Justice in terms of distribution of
wealth and opportunities, has been the central issue by many writers through
history. From Rousseau to M. Nussbaum or Young, at the last moment. Even though
some of them have contradictions on the focus. Sen and Nussbaum are the focus
on capacities but with a different meaning.
Today´s educational discourse has changed its
tune: People is talking about Young´s discourse on global justice as well as on
the social connection of responsibility and international relations. She is
making a call for reconstruction everything by her proposals on the need for a
global governing body; United Nations Organization, UNO.
Nowadays, justice is the tool used by the rich
people to reaffirm their acts, this is happening because they are using their
power to support their life style.
-Is there any educational change?
-Should we have global justice or is
better to have local justice?
-Could we change the global economy?
Across the world, Education is subject to the
economic circumstances and conditions on the market in developed countries.
Nowadays, studying and teaching is becoming a big business. Only rich people
has the privilege of study, since everything is conditioned by academic
achievements and to improve them money is needed.
Personally this Review brings back lots of
memories about Rousseau and social contract. But now is no longer sufficient
and we must call for a new form of contract: equality of opportunity.
Everything is connected on the planet and in my
opinion we should connecting all positions and tolerating multiple and diverse
notions of justice all together. Why not?
If people will like a better world, people need to follow Millennial
developments and ODS
The implementation of this goals should be closely
coordinates with all the countries of the world. .And an international
agreement should be reached. On the contrary reach an agreement or come to a
compromise is difficult to get, mostly because if its decisions are not binding
( vinculantes). Even then International Justice have a huge surface to be
worked though cooperation and partnership
Whole package of activities and provisions do
not go beyond what it is necessary to achieve the objectives pursued because
they are ambitious and huge targets, that we cannot be measured. In fact they
are a generic language and indicators are incomplete and therefore not
repellants. Too big!
We need to believe or respect participation and
collaboration. Even though engagements,
With education and Social Justice, . All
candidate must be committed to the cause!
2)THESIS
My main thesis is using the social
constructivism rest on the following constructive elements: Evaluation,
participation, communication and rethinking everything. Apart from; Young
people and employment, that in my opinion is more important nowadays after
crisis.
So, Main reasons that support my thesis are: in
the following order;
a)-Evaluations.
b) Participation
c).Rethinking
d).formation of young people and
employment
e) Exclusion and sustainable
development goals.
a) Evaluations
Let’s start with Evaluation: Evaluations are often focus on donor needs or efficient
processes, without taking into account how the evaluation can model the Social
Justice by feedback and by improving the process: In advocates, theory, evaluations
or In capacity.
In short, constructive feedback is so necessary
because improve every program and everything and the process of progress is
connected with evaluation, participation and construction all together (libreta
verde)
On the other hand, if we take account that the
progression as an individual experience was found to be Non-lineal or cyclical
process against the lineal-vertical process. This is a simple approach for the
best evaluation.
b) Participation and collaboration.
(2 libretas)
The
notion of responsibility appears frequently in the texts of different
declarations, as well as notions of the idea that societies must be oriented
toward the production and consumption of goods to achieve a
better standard of living. Creativity appears as well.
Social development, requires international
cooperation and some commitments and public policies are necessary to
correct market failures for following the need to respect the Human Right and
ensure the equitable distribution of income and greater access to resources.
We are all in the same boat, we will work
together and we should go in the right direction all together.
c) Rethinking Social Justice.
Focusing on debates with young people,(REICE)
we are categorizes Social Justice in terms of three large concepts that coexist
in harmony nowadays:
1)DISTRIBUTION: Capacities approach by Sen and Martha Nussbaum
fron political philosophy by cooperation.
2)RECOGNITION by Fraser (1997)o J
relacional o cultural
3)PARTICIPATION by YOUNG, is talking about community
democratic and to increase participation
in trade policy (political matters)
“In this
sense, social justice is not making but acting. It is not something that can
be, but something that can be done”. Three broad interests guide the analysis of
these discussions:
a)Distributive justice. Rawls is one of the most famous
authors. Rawls argued that social justice involved two main principles: liberty
and distribution of material and good.
Rawls principles are two ways in which
justification problem has been addressed by social theorist and by social
actors more broadly, firstly involve a liberal-democratic from of distributive
justice, like a solution to an equality imbalance in compensated disadvantages.
Secaondly, M. Naussbaum and Sen, talk about
Educational opportunities and equality of opportunity. As well as Capacities
approach by Sen and Martha Nussbaum from political philosophy by
cooperation.
b) Recognition justice
Others theorists have attempted to addresses
these dilemmas for (teaching) practice by reworking like a cultural issue.
Firstly, there are individual talent and effort
as criteria to fins success distributed about social groups (talent
redistribuised).
Second, there share problems with trying to
identify and justify talent because a revealing comment given that education is
increasingly portrayed in market terms.. However, learning is not independent
from broader cultural norms. Rather, it is a social construction embedded in
the values of dominant social groups.
c) Participative
justice third
groups of theorists informed about Young and Fraser. Rethinking social justice
involves beginning with its root meaning
In short, the criticism of distributive and
distributive justice perspectives is that they tend to confine their interests
to economic spheres and ignore the cultural and social
Some people talk about self- determination that
require their participation in the educational process of students with disabilities like Down´s and
so on.
Furthermore, focusing on Curricular Justice and
RW. Connell: Education systems require
to re-think Social Justice in Education in ways that give a central place to
curriculum. It wish to suggest 3 principles that, taken together, might
constitute a model of curricular justice:
1.-Participation
2. The INTEREST of the least advantages
3. The historical production of Equality.
He speak about the strategy of empowerment and practical possibilities.
d) Formation of young people and employment
What is more Constructing a new
future involve examine and analyses different notions, such as Constructivism,
inclusion young people and their training, employment and the more important
sustainable development. In contrast with constructivism perspective, social
constructivism argues that knowledge is constructed with others, in changing
cultural context.
As we saw earlier from the last perspective
knowledge is constructing through Participation in activity. On one side, the first
perspective determined by independent problem solving under adult guidance or
in collaboration.
On the other, constructivism alone, argue that
people learn best when things proximal and with people interaction, on the
side, learning within communities is by Participation and generation of
contradiction and conflicts.
Finally, we need to have capital formation and
Career education, advice and guidance should change stereotypes and promote to
equality of opportunity in developed cities nowadays. The jobs are relatively
low paid. Risks of unemployment are much higher, and there are few promotion
opportunities. All of this, confirm that young people is a heavily
class-dependent.
During the last global economy crisis, we could
see many unemployment of young people, even if they were maybe better
educational background that we to overcome jobs. . Time passed and even young
people is unemployed now. The work and academics development had still not been
adjusted. For instance in British case we can speak that it had been adjusted
so much that today there is a severe shortage of healthcare Spanish personnel. However
we can speak about developed counties with a high academic qualifications and
qualified professionals.
In this world when we can try a combination of
globalization and new technologies as tendencies. On the contrary, there are
people can always find like responsible for the recent “immiseration” of the
working class because young people´s career opportunities depend heavily on
their social class origins
e) Exclusion/Inclusion and sustainable
development goals
Political rights in Europe increase hysteria
associated with asylum seekers and refugees. That also applies in USA. News on
Television talking about the migrant
crisis.
The effect of different policies on
distribution can see on TV, representing different countries Even though the stock of international
migrants is expected to rise to 405 million by 2050.
As Irving attests the concept Social justice
has become a politically malleable notion in discourse.” In particular, in
equity terms, guidance is view as a mechanism to promote Social Inclusion and
promote equality of access to guidance, education, training and employment”(t6 Lnegra).
Today´s world, the enormous gap in the
distribution of wealth is huge more and more. Extreme poverty persist and if
even depending in some parts of the world, which represent a violation of basis
human rights. The rise in poverty in the world is increase in the number of
refugees, displaced people and others victims of circumstance and abuse.
Social Justice requires coherent policies in a
huge number of areas: welfare, economic and educational and social. We need to
attend all together some sustainable development goals, that before were
Millennium goals
Social Justice is impossible unless it is fully
understood that power comes with the obligation of service.
CONCLUSION: “Think
global and act local “
Finally and to conclude, I would like to end
saying that we should pay special attention, basically 2 things: one of them is
Activists of education and we as qualified personnel. On the second hand
we could pay attention to millennial goals and theirs indicators
(nowadays suatenaible development)
In fact we must be taken in choosing M.Young
and to recognize her contributions: her critique of the distributive model of
justice and her envisioned strategies in dressing structural injustices.
Young´s discourse on global justice is an
implication of her insistence on the structural way of looking at justice as
well as on the social connection model of Responsibility.
“The practice of international relations, whether in the area of economics,
politics or culture, would create structures that are subject to the structural
analysis of whether they are just or unjust, or in the language of Young,
whether they result in the oppression and domination of peoples from other
countries or not. Furthermore, social connections obviously do not end at
political borders; hence the call for responsibility certainly should also not
end at such borders.”
“Emergence of political
right in Europe evidence of increasing social disadvantage and poverty, the
hysteria associated with asylum seekers and refugees, concerns about racism,
and negative portrayals of environmental protest”
Ultimately exclusion is present around the
world and in the news. Exclusion has many faces (guises): like young people,
unemployment people, sometimes old people, migrants, disabled young people or
some ones with mental health condition, environment
Career education and guidance provide real
information and advice of the labor market and almost certainly, a more
holistic view not only works with individual, but also social responsibilities.
It will require career professionals to became Social Activist= WE NEED to take action around the world.
As far as Millennial goals, there are writing
in a generic language and indicators are unfinished or non-relevant. Necessary
arrangements of the future are Indicators. Not only numeral ones, we can
elaborate more strategic partnerships amount everybody, by education, by
collaboration and participation.
We need to keep promises and previous
commitments. It means building Alliances to overcome in action. We need to open
our minds.
In short and from myself I believe that Social
Justice and Inclusion-participation are connected. In the same way that
Injustice and exclusion are connecting, too.
On the another hand we can speak about 3 social
perspectives in Social Justice
Two of them are talking about economics matter
and the number 3 argued in favors of recognigtive justice. In my opinion all of
them are important. Not only the number 3, because we are in a global market
and money is there. “I want to avoid suggesting that material conditions and distributive
matters are unrelated to or are unimportant in defining and practicing Social Justice.
Nor do I want to underestimate the considerable gains that have been made
through advocating the equal treatment of individuals”.
HONNETH and M YOUNG Bosh of their opinions
talking about Recognitive Justice or cultural justice and participation.
Honneth:
there are a link between respect and Participation If you
are more respect, then you will are more participation and vice versa
Marion Young underlined that distributive
justice have an important element: decision-making.
She desert democracy as base of social justice.
She speak about Responsibility.
IT is very interesting Young opinion about
personal and collective responsibilities
DEMOCRATIC
JUSTICE: PARTICIPATION and REPRESENTATION. YOUNG
THEORY OF
STRUCTURAL JUSTICE
Young’s theory
of structural justice may be discussed under the headings of her critique of
the distributive model of justice, her proposed alternative structural model of
justice, and her envisioned strategies inaddressing structural injustices. The
bulk of these ideas are contained in her books
Justice and
the Politics of Difference
, and
Inclusion and
Democracy
.
Critique of
the Distributive Model of Justice
Young’s
critique of the distributive model of justice is primarily found in the essay
“Displacing the Distributive Paradigm” from the book
Justice and
the Politics of Difference
. It starts
with the claim that contemporary philosophical discourses on justice had
narrowly focused on distributive justice at the expense of the themes that may
not be covered by such model of justice. Under this model, social justice is
defined as “the morally proper distribution of social benefits and burdens
among society’s members, ”where benefits and burdens are mainly understood as
“wealth, income, and other material resources” but is often stretched to
include nonmaterial entities such as “rights, opportunity, power, and
self-respect” (Young 1990, 16). Young explains that this understanding of
social justice can be found in the writings of such thinkers as the American
philosopher Rawls
FUTHER REFLEXIONS.
Mainly, the scope in the struggle against exclusion is based on the
participation of all involved actors. Which also could be seen as measures that
simply foster teamwork and a decent job.
Neoliberalism has been building an ad hoc business model so far. Right
now, we need to rethink our collective negotiations and a balance point in
everyplace, even though ecological balance. In fact: This is Social Justice.
Many times Governments point to elections and empowerment as a solution,
but poverty remaining for long time since, it seems that People does not
complain: why are those hearts not moved
by suffering?
On the other hand, it is also unclear how the participation is a
panacea. For instance, not every students is a university student, they are also
professionals as plumbers and electricians. They are necessary as well. They
would always be a decent wage.
There is often confusion between a political party and democracy. Both
should be supporting each other, but it’s still the same.
There is a growing number of poor people all over the world while at the
same time there is an increasing number of organizations and meetings for
saving the world from climate change and poverty.
But we doing nothink at all!, why??
CALL FOR A GLOBAL DISCOURSE ON JUSTICE
Young’s discourse on global justice is an implication
of her insistence on the structural way of looking at justice as well as on the
social connection model of responsibility. The practice of international
relations, whether in the area of economics, politics or culture, would create
structures that are subject to the structural analysis of whether they are just
or unjust, or in the language of Young, whether they result in the oppression
and domination of peoples from other countries or not. Furthermore, social
connections obviously do not end at political borders; hence the call for
responsibility certainly should also not end at such borders.
Global Challenges: War,
Self-Determination and Responsibility for Justice
, but its component essays are actually elaborations
and applications of a the thoughts that she already fully developed in the
essay “Self-Determination and Global Democracy” in the book
Inclusion and Democracy
. As the necessity for a discourse on global justice
is already very compelling under Young’s structural theory of justice, her call
for such discourse consists of her reconstruction of the meaning of
self-determination of states to give more conceptual room for structural
interconnectedness, which is followed by her more practical proposals on the
need for a global governing body and on how the United Nations Organization can
tweak its own structures to become a more effective and suitable organization
to mediate the various states’ claim to justice
BIBLIOGRAPHY
“Constructing the future. Diversity, Inclusion
and Social Justice” by Irving
“Social Justice in an Open World”, by the
United Nations
Social Justice in the new times
Evaluation Social Justice Advocacy
5 essential components for Social Justice
Rethinking Social Justice in
Schools.InclusiveEducation
Critical reflexion
REICE, the iberoamerican Journal of Higher
Education
RES, the journal of social education
Citizenship.and curriculum: www.
Tandfonline.com, by Connell
Structural Justice and collective
responsibility, by Young.
www.academic.edu
Inclusion and democracy Iris Marion. Oxford
2002
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